Understanding ADHD in Children and Adults

October is ADHD Awareness Month, a chance to talk openly about a condition that affects people of every age. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that shapes how the brain manages attention, activity and impulses. ADHD has strong genetic and biological roots; it is not caused by parenting style or a person's character. Environmental factors such as stress, routines, school or work demands, and the support around someone can, however, influence how much ADHD affects their daily life. With the right support, people with ADHD thrive at school, at work and at home.

ADHD in children

Signs of ADHD usually appear before age 12 and show up in more than one setting, such as at home and at school. Every child is distracted or restless at times; with ADHD these behaviours are frequent, persistent and get in the way of learning, friendships or family life. Common signs include:

• Inattention: trouble focusing, making careless mistakes, not seeming to listen, losing things, and struggling to finish tasks or follow instructions

• Hyperactivity: fidgeting, difficulty staying seated, running or climbing at inappropriate times, and talking a lot

• Impulsivity: blurting out answers, interrupting, and finding it hard to wait their turn

Some children, particularly girls, have mainly inattentive symptoms. They may seem quiet or dreamy rather than disruptive, so their ADHD can be missed.

ADHD in adults

ADHD often continues into adulthood, and many adults are only diagnosed later in life, sometimes after their own child is assessed. Hyperactivity tends to become an inner restlessness, while difficulties with organisation and focus may become more obvious as responsibilities grow. Adults with ADHD may notice:

• Difficulty concentrating, especially on routine or lengthy tasks

• Chronic disorganisation, lateness and forgetfulness

• Procrastination and trouble prioritising or finishing projects

• Restlessness and difficulty relaxing

• Impulsive decisions, including with spending or speaking without thinking

• Strong emotional reactions and frustration that pass quickly

ADHD often occurs alongside anxiety, depression or sleep problems, which is one reason a thorough assessment matters.

How common is ADHD in Australia?

Around 800,000 Australians are estimated to live with ADHD (The Conversation). Estimates suggest ADHD affects about 6 to 10% of Australian children and adolescents and 2 to 6% of adults (PMC). Around half of children with ADHD continue to have significant difficulties as adults. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed than girls, although girls and women are increasingly being recognised.

Managing ADHD

ADHD is best managed with a plan tailored to each person, usually combining medication with non-medication supports. Medication can be very effective at improving focus and reducing impulsivity, and works best alongside practical strategies.

Non-medication interventions may include:

• Education about ADHD for the person and their family

• Parenting programs and behavioural strategies for children

• Psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy for adults

• Classroom adjustments and support from school

• Occupational therapy and coaching for organisation and daily routines

• Healthy habits, including regular sleep, physical activity and good nutrition

Your GP can help coordinate these supports and review how things are going over time.

ADHD care at Neighbourhood Medical

Many of our patients live with ADHD, and supporting them is a regular part of the care we provide. Having a GP who knows you well makes a real difference: they can help coordinate your care, look after your broader health needs and support you to function at your best.

Our GPs work collaboratively with your paediatrician, psychiatrist or other specialists, including continuing ADHD medication they have started. Some of our doctors see children for ADHD assessment. If you are an adult seeking an ADHD assessment, talk to your regular GP about the options available to you.

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